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The homeownership rate for multigenerational households surpassed that of all other family household types in 2022 and now stands at 74.2%, exceeding the homeownership rate of other family households of 73.9%. Just a decade ago, the homeownership rate for multigenerational stood at 69.3%, second to other family households at 71.3%.

Multigenerational households are defined by the Census Bureau as households with three or more generations living together. In this post, NAHB used the American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates from 2012 to 2022 to estimate the homeownership rates (which is calculated as the total number of owner-occupied units divided by the total number of applicable households) for different household types.

In 2012, the homeownership rate for multigenerational households stood at 69.3%, 2 percentage points (pp) below the 71.3% homeownership rate for other family households. The gap in homeownership rates between these household types remained with higher rates for other family households until 2021. By 2022, the gap inverted with 74.2% of multigenerational households owning homes versus 73.9% of other family households. This represents about a 5 pp increase in homeownership rate for multigenerational households over the decade compared to a 2.6 pp increase for other family households.

The primary factor that explains the rise in the multigenerational household homeownership rate is the availability of more capital during the period of low interest rates in 2021. While the median family income for multigenerational households consistently exceeds that of other family households’ income due to resource pooling, this difference has widened over time. For example, real median income for multigenerational households and other family households in 2012 were $63,643 and $62,633, respectively, with a difference of about $1,000. By 2022, this difference widened almost twelvefold to $11,778, with multigenerational households earning $103,501 and other family households earning $91,723.

Changes in family structure can be ruled out as a factor in this difference as the average household size has remained constant over the decade with an average of 5.1 people per multigenerational household, of which two are working members, while other family households have had an average of 3.1 people and 1.5 working members. This suggests that the income per person in a multigenerational household has been rising faster than other family households.

Income pooling has also buffered multigenerational households through rising home prices despite the higher prevalence of these households in more cost burdened areas. The chart below shows a strong correlation between the owner housing cost burdens and the incidence of multigenerational households. States with larger shares of housing cost burdened households (those that spend more than 30% of their income on housing) also have the higher shares of multigenerational households.

The faster growing income of multigenerational households also helped them afford more expensive homes in recent years, compared to other family households.  Looking at homeowners that moved into owned properties within the year (as a proxy for recent homebuyers), the median home values for multigenerational households have gone from $165,000 in 2012 to $400,000 in 2022. In comparison, the median home values for other family homebuyers went from $180,000 to $380,000. In other words, multigenerational households now pay $20,000 more for a home. However, because they have a higher pooled household income, their estimated home price-to-income (HPI) ratio remains lower than that of other family households.

To conclude, the rising homeownership rate among multigenerational households highlights their financial resilience and adaptability in the face of changing economic conditions. Despite living in less affordable states, these households leverage their pooled incomes to navigate higher home prices effectively. The significant increase in their median income over the past decade has enabled them to capitalize on favorable mortgage rates and propel their homeownership rate to a new decade high.

Footnote:

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The percentage of new apartment units that were absorbed within three months of completion rose from a decade low 42% to 53% in the first quarter of 2024, according to the Census Bureau’s latest release of the Survey of Market Absorption of New Multifamily Units (SOMA). The SOMA survey covers new units in multifamily residential buildings with five or more units. The absorption rate within three months for condominiums and cooperative units also rose over the quarter, up from 63% to 69%.

Apartments

The percentage of apartments absorbed within three months has fallen significantly from its peak of 75% in the third quarter of 2021, as shown in the graph above. Currently, the rate stands at 53% which is coupled with an uptick in completions, as SOMA estimates show a historically high level of completions at 99,120 units in the first quarter of 2024. This is well above the level of completions a year ago, which stood at 83,140. The pace of multifamily units being completed has picked up, as many units under construction over the past year are reaching the market. Since the first quarter of 2022, completions have been above 75,000 for eight consecutive quarters, as seen in the graph below.

Additionally, SOMA reports absorption rates within six-months, nine-months, and 12-months of completion. The absorption rates for all time periods follow similar downward trends as the number of apartments has ticked upwards over the past two years. For apartments completed in the 4th quarter of 2023, the absorption rate within six months of completion was 71%, down from a peak of 88% in the third quarter of 2021.

For the nine-month period, the absorption rate of apartments completed in the third quarter of 2023 fell to 84% down from the previous quarter’s completions of 88%. This rate also peaked at 96% in the same quarter as the other periods, the third quarter of 2021.

Finally, apartment units completed in the second quarter of 2023 were 94% absorbed within a year following completion. The trend remains the same for the 12-month period as the other time periods, as it peaked in the third quarter of 2021 at 98%.

Condominiums and Cooperative Units

The absorption rate for new condominiums and cooperative units rose to 69% for the quarter. However, this was 10 percentage points lower than absorption rate of the same quarter last year.

Total completions of new condominiums and cooperative units, according to SOMA, fell to the lowest level since the first quarter of 2022 marking 3,312 completed units. Quarterly completions of these units peaked in the second quarter of 2018, at 7,996 completions.

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