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Prices for inputs to new residential construction—excluding capital investment, labor, and imports—were up 1.2% in January according to the most recent Producer Price Index (PPI) report published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Producer Price Index measures prices that domestic producers receive for their goods and services, this differs from the Consumer Price Index which measures what consumers pay and includes both domestic products as well as imports.

The inputs to the New Residential Construction Price Index grew 1.1% from January of last year. The index can be broken into two components—the goods component increased 2.1% over the year, while services decreased 0.3%. For comparison, the total final demand index, which measures all goods and services across the economy, increased 3.5% over the year, with final demand with respect to goods up 2.3% and final demand for services up 4.1% over the year.

Input Goods

The goods component has a larger importance to the total residential construction inputs price index, representing around 60%. For the month, the price of input goods to new residential construction was up 1.6% in January. Monthly growth of the index was relatively low in the past two years, as this monthly increase was the largest since March of 2022 (3.3%).

The input goods to residential construction index can be further broken down into two separate components, one measuring energy inputs with the other measuring goods less energy inputs. The latter of these two components simply represents building materials used in residential construction, which makes up around 93% of the goods index.

The 2.1% yearly growth in the goods component can be attributed to the rise in the prices of building materials, which grew 2.3% over the year. Meanwhile, the price of energy inputs was 1.6% lower than last year. Between December and January, building materials increased 1.4%, while energy inputs increased 4.3%.

At the individual commodity level, the five commodities with the highest importance for building materials to the New Residential Construction Index were as follows: ready-mix concrete, general millwork, paving mixtures/blocks, sheet metal products, and wood office furniture/store fixtures. Compared to last year, ready-mix concrete was up 4.1%, wood office furniture/store fixtures up 4.7%, general millwork up 2.4%, paving mixtures/blocks up 8.6% while sheet metal products were up 0.4%.

For January, the commodity used in new residential construction that featured the highest price growth was an energy input, home heating oil and distillates, increasing 16.0%. The non-energy input that had the highest monthly price growth was paving mixtures and blocks, up 14.8%. This is likely a pass-through of increases in asphalt prices, which were up 6.9% in January.

Input Services

While prices of inputs to residential construction for services were down 0.3% over the year, they were up 0.5% in January from December. The price index for service inputs to residential construction can be broken out into three separate components: a trade services component, a transportation and warehousing services component, and a services excluding trade, transportation and warehousing component. The most significant component is trade services (around 60%), followed by services less trade, transportation and warehousing (around 29%), and finally transportation and warehousing services (around 11%). The largest component, trade services, was down 1.9% from a year ago. The services less trade, transportation and warehousing component was up 1.6% over the year.   Lastly, prices for transportation and warehousing services advanced 3.1% compared to January last year, the largest year-over-year increase since January of 2023.

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Lending standards for residential mortgages were essentially unchanged across most categories, while overall demand for most residential mortgages was weaker according to the Federal Reserve Board’s January 2025 Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey (SLOOS).  Examining lending conditions for commercial real estate (CRE) loans, construction & development loans were modestly tighter, while demand was modestly weaker.  However, for multifamily properties loans within the CRE category, lending conditions and demand were essentially unchanged for the quarter. 

With recent commentary from the Federal Reserve citing current policy as “meaningfully restrictive”, inflation remaining sticky, and uncertainty caused by current trade policy, NAHB is forecasting any potential cuts (if any) to the federal funds rate to occur in the latter half of 2025.

Residential Mortgages

The Federal Reserve classifies any loan category achieving a value between -5 and +5 as “essentially unchanged.”  Five of seven residential mortgage loan categories saw a slight easing in lending conditions, as evidenced by their positive easing index values, ranging from +1.8 to +4.0, in the fourth quarter of 2024.  That marks the highest number of residential mortgage loan categories showing easing since the Federal Reserve started raising interest rates back in first quarter of 2022.  Subprime and Non-QM jumbo loans were the only categories that were negative for the fourth quarter of 2024, representing tightening conditions.  

All residential mortgage loan categories reported at least modestly weaker demand in the fourth quarter of 2024, except for Non-QM jumbo which was essentially unchanged.  Subprime loans have had weaker demand for the past 18 consecutive quarters, which is the longest weak streak among all residential mortgage loan categories and recorded the lowest net percentage (-45.5%) in the quarter.

Commercial Real Estate (CRE) Loans

Across CRE loan categories, construction & development loans recorded a net easing index value of -9.5 for the fourth quarter of 2024.  As for the multifamily loan category, its net easing index value was -3.2, or essentially unchanged.  For overall CRE loans, results show at least 11 consecutive quarters of tightening lending conditions.  However, the tightening was less pronounced than in recent quarters; the net easing index values for both categories were the closest they have been to neutral (i.e., 0) since the first quarter 2022.

The net percentage of banks reporting stronger demand for construction & development loans was -6.3% and –4.8% for multifamily.  Although weaker demand has continued for the past 10 consecutive quarters for both CRE loan categories, the net percentages are approaching neutral. For the fourth quarter of 2024, the net indices reached their highest levels in over two years.

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Private residential construction spending increased by 1.5% in December 2024, according to the latest U.S. Census Construction Spending data. It was the third consecutive monthly increase since September 2024.  On a year-over-year basis, the December report showed a 6% increase.

The monthly increase in total private construction spending was primarily driven by higher spending on single-family construction and residential improvements. Single-family construction spending was up 1% for the month. This marks a continuation of growth after a five-month decline from April to August, aligning with steady builder confidence seen in the Housing Market Index. However, single-family construction remained 0.8% lower than a year ago. Improvement spending rose by 2.6% in December and was 21.9% higher compared to the same period last year. In contrast, multifamily construction spending edged down 0.3% in December, following an 8.4% increase in October and a 0.8% up in November. Compared to a year ago, multifamily construction spending was still 10.5% lower.

The NAHB construction spending index is shown in the graph below. The index illustrates how   spending on single-family construction has slowed since early 2024 under the pressure of elevated interest rates. Multifamily construction spending growth has also slowed down after the peak in July 2023. Meanwhile, improvement spending has increased its pace since late 2023.

Spending on private nonresidential construction was up 2.3% over a year ago. The annual private nonresidential spending increase was mainly due to higher spending for the class of manufacturing ($23.6 billion), followed by the power category ($4.5 billion).

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Housing’s share of the economy remained unchanged at 16.2% in the fourth quarter of 2024, according to the advance estimate of GDP produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. For the year, housing’s share of the economy was 16.2%, up from 16.0% in 2023 and down from 16.5% in 2022.

The more cyclical home building and remodeling component – residential fixed investment (RFI) – was 4.0% of GDP, level with the previous quarter. The second component – housing services – was 12.2% of GDP, also level with the previous quarter. The graph below stacks the nominal shares for housing services and RFI, resulting in housing’s total share of the economy.

Housing service growth is much less volatile when compared to RFI due to the cyclical nature of RFI. Historically, RFI has averaged roughly 5% of GDP while housing services have averaged between 12% and 13%, for a combined 17% to 18% of GDP. These shares tend to vary over the business cycle. However, the housing share of GDP lagged during the post-Great Recession period due to underbuilding, particularly for the single-family sector.

In the fourth quarter, RFI added 21 basis points from the headline GDP growth rate in the fourth quarter of 2024, a welcomed result as RFI previously had two consecutive quarters of negative contributions to GDP. The Federal Reserve, while keeping unchanged this month, lowered the federal funds rate by 100 basis points in September and December of 2024. This likely improved financing conditions for many builders, leading to RFI’s growth in the fourth quarter. A notable observation from the fourth quarter release was nonresidential fixed investment (similar to RFI, but for nonresidential structures) negatively contributed 31 basis points to GDP growth, the first negative effect on the economy for nonresidential fixed investment in over three years.

Housing services added 17 basis points (bps) to GDP growth.  Among household expenditures for services, housing services contributions were the fourth-highest contributor to headline GDP growth behind health care (46 bps), other services (31 bps) and financial services and insurance (18 bps).

Overall GDP increased at a 2.3% annual rate, down from a 3.1% increase in the third quarter of 2024, and down from a 3.0% increase in the second quarter of 2024. Headline GDP growth in 2024 was 2.8%, down slightly from 2.9% in 2023 but up from 2.5% in 2022.

Housing-related activities contribute to GDP in two basic ways:

The first is through residential fixed investment (RFI). RFI is effectively the measure of home building, multifamily development, and remodeling contributions to GDP. RFI consists of two specific types of investment, the first is residential structures. This investment includes construction of new single-family and multifamily structures, residential remodeling, production of manufactured homes, brokers’ fees and some types of equipment that are built into the structure. RFI’s second component, residential equipment, includes investment such as furniture or household appliances that are purchased by landlords for rental to tenants.

For the fourth quarter, RFI was 4.0% of the economy, recording a $1.200 trillion seasonally adjusted annual pace. RFI grew 5.3% at an annual rate in the fourth quarter after falling 4.4% in the third. Among the two types of RFI, real investment in residential structures rose 5.3% while for residential equipment it rose 4.9%. Investment in residential structures stood at a seasonally adjusted annual pace of $1.178 trillion, making its share of residential investment far greater than that of residential equipment, which was at seasonally adjusted annual pace of $21.5 billion.

The second impact of housing on GDP is the measure of housing services. Similar to the RFI, housing services consumption can be broken out into two components. The first component, housing, includes gross rents paid by renters, owners’ imputed rent (an estimate of how much it would cost to rent owner-occupied units), rental value of farm dwellings, and group housing. The inclusion of owners’ imputed rent is necessary from a national income accounting approach, because without this measure, increases in homeownership would result in declines in GDP. The second component, household utilities, is composed of consumption expenditures on water supply, sanitation, electricity, and gas.

For the fourth quarter, housing services represented 12.2% of the economy or $3.625 trillion on a seasonally adjusted annual basis. Housing services grew 1.4% at an annual rate in the fourth quarter. Real person consumption expenditures for housing also grew 1.4%, while household utilities expenditures grew 1.6%. At the seasonally adjusted annual pace, housing expenditures was $3.166 trillion and household utility expenditures stood at $458.9 billion in seasonally adjusted annual rates.

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Prices for inputs to new residential construction—excluding capital investment, labor, and imports—were unchanged in December according to the most recent Producer Price Index (PPI) report published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This index grew 0.8% over 2024, the lowest yearly increase in the index since its inception in 2014.

The inputs to the new residential construction price index can be broken into two components—one for goods and another for services. The goods component increased 1.7% over the year, while services decreased 0.4%. For comparison, the total final demand index increased 3.3% in 2024, with final demand with respect to goods up 1.8% and final demand for services up 4.0% over the year.

Input Goods

The goods component has a larger importance to the total residential construction inputs price index, representing around 60%. The price of input goods to new residential construction was down 0.1% in December from November. The input goods to residential construction index can be further broken down into two separate components, one measuring energy inputs with the other measuring goods less energy inputs. The latter of these two components simply represents building materials used in residential construction, which makes up around 93% of the goods index.

The price of goods used in residential construction grew 1.7% in 2024, slightly higher than the growth in 2023 of 1.0%. This growth can be attributed to the rise in the prices of building materials, which grew 2.2% in 2024. The price of energy inputs fell for the second straight year, down 5.3% in 2024.

At the individual commodity level, the five commodities with the highest importance for building materials to the new residential construction index were as follows: ready-mix concrete, general millwork, paving mixtures/blocks, sheet metal products, and wood office furniture/store fixtures. Across these commodities, there was price growth for most commodities in 2024 except for sheet metal products. Ready-mix concrete was up 5.1%, wood office furniture/store fixtures up 4.3%, general millwork up 2.5%, paving mixtures/blocks up 2.3% while sheet metal products were down 0.2%. The commodity used in new residential construction the featured the highest price growth in 2024 was softwood lumber, not edge worked, which increased 14.7% in 2024. The commodity where prices declined the most was No. 2 diesel fuel, down 13.9%.

Input Services

Prices of inputs to residential construction for services were up 0.5% in December from November. The price index for service inputs to residential construction can be broken out into three separate components: a trade services component, a transportation and warehousing services component, and a services excluding trade, transportation and warehousing component. The most significant component is trade services (around 60%), followed by services less trade, transportation and warehousing (around 29%), and finally transportation and warehousing services (around 11%). The largest component, trade services, was down 1.8% in 2024 after growing 5.8% in 2023.  Across individual services, credit deposit services advanced the most in 2024, up 21.2% over the year while the prices for metal, mineral and ore wholesaling services fell the most, down 19.2%.

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The total volume of outstanding acquisition, development, and construction (AD&C) loans made by FDIC-insured institutions fell for the third consecutive quarter during the third quarter of 2024 to a volume of $490.7 billion, down from $495.8 billion in the second quarter. Interest rates remained higher over the third quarter, as the Fed issued its first rate cut at the end of the quarter in September. Future AD&C lending conditions are poised to improve as the Fed continues its easing cycle over the next year despite potential headwinds of higher Government deficits and economic uncertainty.

The volume of 1-4 family residential construction and land development loans totaled $90.8 billion in the third quarter, down 8.4% from one year ago. This year-over-year decline marked the fifth straight quarter where the total volume of outstanding loans declined compared to a year prior. All other real estate development loans totaled $399.9 billion in the third quarter, down $4.3 billion from the previous quarter.

It is worth noting, the FDIC data represent only the stock of loans, not changes in the underlying flows, so it is an imperfect data source. Lending remains much reduced from years past. The current amount of existing 1-4 family residential AD&C loans now stands 55% lower than the peak level of residential construction lending of $204 billion reached during the first quarter of 2008. Alternative sources of financing, including equity partners, have supplemented this capital market in recent years.

While the volume of 1-4 family residential AD&C loans fell during the third quarter, the volume of past due and nonaccrual residential AD&C loans rose above $1 billion for the first time since 2014. A majority of this outstanding total was made up of loans in nonaccrual status (typically a loan where the lender does not expect to receive payment) which totaled $505.9 million. The outstanding loan balance for those 30-89 days past due was $491.5 million and loans 90 days or more past due totaled $65.4 million. As a share of the total outstanding stock of 1-4 family residential AD&C loans ($90.8 billion), past due and nonaccrual loans ($1.0 billion) made up 1.2% of the outstanding stock of loans.

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Private residential construction spending edged up by 0.1% in November 2024, according to the latest U.S. Census Construction Spending data. Year-over-year, the November report showed a 3.1% increase.

The monthly increase in total private construction spending was primarily driven by higher spending on single-family construction and residential improvements. Single-family construction spending inched up by 0.3% for the month. This marks a continuation of growth after a five-month decline from April to August, aligning with steady builder confidence seen in the Housing Market Index. However, single-family construction remained 0.7% lower than a year ago. Improvement spending rose by 0.4% in November and was 13.4% higher compared to the same period last year. In contrast, multifamily construction spending declined by 1.3% in November, following a 0.3% increase in October. Compared to a year ago, multifamily construction spending was still 9.5% lower.

The NAHB construction spending index is shown in the graph below. The index illustrates how   spending on single-family construction has slowed since early 2024 under the pressure of elevated interest rates. Multifamily construction spending growth has also slowed down after the peak in July 2023. Meanwhile, improvement spending has increased its pace since late 2023.

Spending on private nonresidential construction was up 1.7% over a year ago. The annual private nonresidential spending increase was mainly due to higher spending for the class of manufacturing ($23.4 billion), followed by the power category ($6.1 billion).

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NAHB estimates that $184 billion worth of goods were used in the construction of both new multifamily and single-family housing in 2023. Additionally, we estimate that $13 billon of those goods were imported from outside of the U.S. These figures lead to 7% of all goods used in new residential construction originating from a foreign nation. This data come from the BEA input-output accounts, which reveals important details of numerous industries across the U.S. detailing what products they produce, use and import in the economy. The latest tables are from 2017 and the data is adjusted to 2023 dollar value.

Import use varies significantly by type of building product. Shown above are the ten most import reliant products that are used in new residential construction. These products are defined by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

The U.S Census Bureau reports data on international trade of goods by NAICS definitions. With this, we can locate which nations are responsible for importing products used in residential construction into the U.S. Using the commodities that are used in residential construction, a significant share comes from China, at 27%. Mexico was the second most important nation with around 11% followed by Canada at 8%. Shown below are the countries with the 10 highest shares along with the remaining 27% from countries outside the top 10.

Tariff Impact

During the election campaign, President Trump promised the enactment of a tariff plan ranging from 10%-20% on imported goods, with 60% tariffs on imports from China. A tariff is essentially a tax on an imported good, meaning the importer pays an additional tax for importing such an item from another country. For example, say a business in the United States needed to purchase a $100 worth of screws from China. With a 60% tariff, the business would then need to pay an additional $60 to the U.S. Government to receive the screws. The exporter in China would still receive the $100 from the business and not pay the added tariff costs. The tariff cost falls on the importer, who would absorb the higher costs through lower profit margins or raising their own prices for consumers.

Without additional detail for these tariff proposals, it is difficult to estimate the impact of these tariffs. Using our best estimate, a 10% tariff on all imports with a 60% tariff on imports directly from China would result in a $3.2 billion increase in the cost of imported building materials used in residential construction. By product, the largest increase in cost would be for household appliances, where 54% of imports come from China, this tariff adds $670 million for these imported products. Additionally, a 20% tariff coupled with 60% imports from China would result in $4.2 billion in added cost of imported residential building products.  

From Canada, the U.S. imports a significant amount of wood related products. In 2023, 70% of sawmill and wood product imports came from Canada. Many of these wood products from Canada are already subject to tariffs, with the current rate at 14.5%. Total imports of sawmill and wood products from Canada in 2023 was $5.8 billion. The highest valued import from Canada was nonferrous metals, totaling $17.6 billion in 2023.

Turning to Mexico, 71% of lime and gypsum products imported in 2023 originated from Mexico. While this share is particularly high, the total value of imports in 2023 of lime and gypsum was only $456 million. The highest valued import from Mexico at $28.6 billion in 2023 was computer equipment, where imports from Mexico made up 23% of total imports of computer equipment in 2023.

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The residential construction industry plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and local community development. It has a lasting impact on local communities by creating jobs, improving infrastructure, boosting local businesses, and enhancing property values.

The residential construction industry is more reliant on labor than capital in the United States. As of October 2024, about 3.4 million people work in the residential construction industry in the United States, with 957,000 builders and 2.4 million residential specialty trade contractors.

The NAHB analysis of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data provides an insight into employment and establishment concentration of the residential construction industry across metro areas (MSA).

Location quotients (LQ) are ratios that compare the concentration of the residential construction industry within a metro area to the concentration of the industry nationwide. LQs are used in this article to evaluate the employment and establishment concentration of the residential construction industry in local areas.  

Employment

The March 2024 QCEW data indicates that employment in the residential construction industry, while found throughout the country, was more highly concentrated in some metro areas than others.

Among 387 metro areas, employment LQs ranged from 0.02 to 3.99. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL had the highest employment concentration of the residential construction industry with an LQ of 3.99. It was followed by Naples-Marco Island, FL (LQ: 3.47) and Bozeman, MT (LQ: 3.12).

Florida, experiencing a rapid growth in population, reported a relatively high employment concentration in residential construction. All metro areas in Florida had a higher employment concentration than the nation’s concentration. Moreover, half of the top ten metro areas with the highest employment concentrations of the residential construction industry were in Florida.

Various metro areas in the Mountain Division also have a high reliance on the residential construction industry for employment. Bozeman, MT (LQ: 3.12), St. George, UT (LQ: 3.03), Coeur d’Alene, ID (LQ: 2.51), and Provo-Orem-Lehi, UT (LQ: 2.35) were ranked in the top ten markets with a higher employment concentration of the residential construction industry.

Metro areas in the South reported the three lowest employment LQs of the residential construction industry. The lowest was Owensboro, KY with a LQ of 0.02, followed by Dalton, GA (LQ: 0.03) and Eagle Pass, TX (LQ: 0.05).

Establishment

On aggregate, New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA, and Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL were the three metro areas that not only had the most employment in residential construction but also had the largest number of residential construction establishments among all metro areas. However, these three metro areas didn’t have higher establishment concentrations of the residential construction industry than the nation.

Among all the 387 metro areas, 104 of them had a higher establishment concentration of the residential construction industry than the nation. St. George, UT had the highest establishment concentration of the residential construction industry, which was more than three times that of the nation, followed by Barnstable Town, MA (LS: 2.42) and Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL (LQ: 2.38).

The three metro areas in the South that reported the lowest employment LQs of the residential construction industry also had the lowest establishment LQs of the residential construction industry.

For more information on QCEW, please check the “Handbook of Methods” published by BLS.

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Residential construction has remained in low density suburbs and outlying areas, according to the National Association of Home Builders’ latest release of the Home Building Geography Index (HBGI). This trend is driven by persistent factors that continue to affect housing affordability including a limited supply of buildable lots, rising construction costs, and a shortage of skilled labor. By focusing on low-density areas, developers aim to lower some of the high costs associated with building in high density areas.

Single-family

All HBGI-tracked geographies continued to post growth in the third quarter as single-family starts are poised to be higher than last year. The HBGI is constructed using permit data, which has continued to post higher volumes than last year despite residential construction dealing with persistent structural issues.

Among the HBGI geographies, the highest growth in the third quarter of 2024 was registered in small metro core counties, which increased 16.3% on a year-over-year four quarter moving average basis. The market with the lowest level of growth was micro counties which were up 6.5% on a year-over-year four quarter moving average.

In addition to the main HBGI geographies, new analysis shows that counties with the highest population density have lost market share with respect to single-family construction. For this analysis, we define high-density areas to be counties in the top 10% with respect to population density. Approximately half of the total U.S. population lives in such counties.

These high-density counties previously constituted just under 40% of single-family construction in the first quarter of 2018 on a four-quarter moving average basis but since then the market share for these areas has fallen to 36% . This trend predates the COVID pandemic, as the market share for high-density counties had fallen from 39.7% in the first quarter of 2018 to 37.7% in first quarter of 2020, a 2-percentage point decline. During the pandemic, this market share fell to 35.4%, another 2.3 percentage point decline. Since the first quarter of 2022, single-family construction in high-density areas has remained at a constant market share, varying only a few percentage points.

Multifamily

In the multifamily sector, the HBGI year-over-year growth posted declines in the third quarter for all but one geography. The measure for small metro outlying counties was up 2.3% on a year-over-year four quarter moving average basis in the third quarter, as more than 9,000 permits were authorized in the third quarter, the highest reading for this geography type in the available data. Due to over 800,000 multifamily units currently under construction and higher interest rates, multifamily construction remains subdued from last year. Large metro suburban counties saw the largest decline in the third quarter of 19.3% year-over-year four quarter moving average basis.

High-density areas continue to make up a majority of the multifamily market. However, the market share has fallen from 67.4% in the first quarter of 2018 and to now 63.2%. This share fell significantly during the pandemic, dropping 3.8 percentage points over a two-year period. This is a notable shift for apartment construction to lower density areas.

The third quarter of 2024 HBGI data along with an interactive HBGI map can be found at http://nahb.org/hbgi.

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