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Higher Mortgage Interest Rates Slow Housing Production in October

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Housing starts edged lower last month as average monthly mortgage rates increased a quarter-point from 6.18% to 6.43% between September and October, according to Freddie Mac.

Overall housing starts decreased 3.1% in October to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.31 million units, according to a report from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census Bureau.

The October reading of 1.31 million starts is the number of housing units builders would begin if development kept this pace for the next 12 months. Within this overall number, single-family starts decreased 6.9% to a 970,000 seasonally adjusted annual rate. On a year-to-date basis, single-family construction is up 9.3%. The volatile multifamily sector, which includes apartment buildings and condos, increased 9.6% to an annualized 341,000 pace but are down 29.3% on a year-to-date basis.

Although housing starts declined in October, builder sentiment improved for a third straight month in November as builders anticipate an improved regulatory environment in 2025 that will allow the industry to increase housing supply. Further interest rate cuts from the Federal Reserve through 2025 should result in lower interest rates for construction and development loans, helping to lead to a stabilization for apartment construction and expansion for single-family home building.

While multifamily starts increased in October, the number of apartments under construction is down to 821,000, the lowest count since March 2022 and down 18.9% from a year ago. In October, there were 1.8 apartments that completed construction for every one apartment that started construction. The three-month moving average reached a ratio of 2 in October.

There were 644,000 single-family homes under construction in October, down 3.6% from a year ago and down 22% from the peak count in the Spring of 2022.

On a regional and year-to-date basis, combined single-family and multifamily starts are 10.4% higher in the Northeast, 1.7% lower in the Midwest, 5.0% lower in the South due to hurricane effects, and 4.4% lower in the West.

Overall permits decreased 0.6% to a 1.42 million unit annualized rate in October. Single-family permits increased 0.5% to a 968,000 unit rate and are up 9.4% on a year-to-date basis. Multifamily permits decreased 3.0% to an annualized 448,000 pace.

Looking at regional data on a year-to-date basis, permits are 0.9% higher in the Northeast, 3.9% higher in the Midwest, 2.4% lower in the South and 4.8% lower in the West.

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Mortgage Rates Reversed Downwards Trend in October

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In October, mortgage rates reversed their recent downward trajectory, returning to levels two months earlier. According to Freddie Mac, the average rate for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage increased 25 basis points (bps) from September to 6.18%. The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage saw an even steeper increase of 34 bps to land at 5.60%.

These increases coincided with heightened volatility in the 10-year Treasury yield, which jumped 38 bps over the month, moving from 3.72% in September to 4.10%. This spike followed a weaker-than-expected labor report driven by the disruptions from two hurricanes, as well as the Boeing strike, and the 2024 election.

However, the largest part of the increase for interest rates is due to growing, post-election concerns over budget deficits. NAHB will be revising its interest rate outlook as the final election results are determined and the fiscal policy position comes into focus. Nonetheless, long-term interest rates have increased since September due to election developments.

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Mortgage Activity Declines in October as Mortgage Rates Increase

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The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume by the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) weekly survey, decreased 13.9% month-over-month on a seasonally adjusted (SA) basis due to higher mortgage rates. This decline was reflected in both the Purchase and Refinance Indices, which fell by 4.4% and 23%, respectively. However, compared to October 2023, the Market Composite Index is up by 39%, with the Purchase Index seeing a slight 1.9% increase and the Refinance Index higher by 149.9%.

The average 30-year fixed mortgage rate reversed its downward trajectory with an increase of 36 basis points (bps), following volatility in the ten-year Treasury yield. This brought the rate back to around the same level as it was in August at 6.53%. However, compared to its peak last October, the current rate is 125 bps lower.

The average loan size for the total market (including purchases and refinances) was $390,225 on a non-seasonally adjusted (NSA) basis, a decrease of 2.6% from September. Purchase loans grew by 2.1% to an average of $448,675, while refinance loans declined by 11.3% to $323,750. Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) saw a modest decrease of 3.4% in average loan size from $1.19 million to $1.15 million.

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Homeownership Rates for Young Adults

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With housing affordability at a multidecade low, housing costs have become a major issue in the 2024 presidential election. While NAHB reports the national homeownership rate from the Census Bureau’s Housing Vacancy Survey on a quarterly basis, examining characteristics across congressional districts provides valuable insights.

A recent NAHB analysis of 2023 American Community Survey shows about two-thirds (65.2%) of US households are homeowners, yet there are forty congressional districts where renters represent the majority. Another NAHB post found that in the second quarter of this year the homeownership rate for households under the age of 35 has dropped to its lowest level in four years, as higher mortgage rates and low inventory have made affordability a bigger challenge for first-time buyers. As the largest cohort of millennials reach peak homebuying years, it is important to take a closer look at homeownership rate for those under age 35. This post will focus on comparing the homeownership rates of young adults (under 35) across congressional districts using 2023 ACS data.

The map below illustrates variation in young adults’ homeownership rates across congressional districts, ranging from 5.2% to 65.6%. In general, young adults’ homeownership rates tend to follow a distinct pattern with respect to the overall homeownership rate, particularly in the top five districts with the highest homeownership rates and the bottom five with the lowest.

Table 1 shows that the top five districts with the highest young adults’ homeownership rate also have overall homeownership rate above 80%. However, the share of young adults in the top two districts is relatively low. In New York’s 1st and 4th district, 65% of young adults are homeowners, but they only make up only 8.9% and 9.8% of the overall population. Following that, Michigan’s 9th and 2nd districts have the third and fourth highest young adults’ homeownership rates above 60%.

Table 1Congressional DistrictYoung Adults Homeownership RateOverall Homeownership RateYoung Adults Share of PopulationNew York, District 165.6%83.8%8.9%New York, District 465.2%80.7%9.8%Michigan, District 965.2%84.9%14.1%Michigan, District 261.0%82.4%17.3%Maryland, District 559.3%81.7%13.2%

Table 2 shows the bottom five districts with the lowest young adult homeownership rates. Like the top five districts, those with the lowest young adult homeownership rates also tend to have lower overall homeownership rates. Among the bottom 15 districts, most are in New York and California, with only the 15th lowest in Washington, D.C. The West coast, in general, tends to have lower homeownership rates.

Table 2Congressional DistrictYoung Adults Homeownership RateOverall Homeownership RateYoung Adults Share of PopulationNew York, District 135.2%12.8%20.4%California, District 347.5%22.0%24.8%New York, District 157.9%15.9%18.3%New York, District 78.2%22.0%33.0%California, District 308.7%30.1%24.4%

Among fifty States and the District of Columbia, New York has congressional districts with both the highest and lowest homeownership rates. This mirrors the findings of overall homeownership rate in our previous post. The highest young adults’ homeownership rate is in New York’s 1st district, while the lowest is in New York’s 13th district.

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Mortgage Rates Continue Downward Trend in September

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In September, mortgage rates maintained their downward trajectory, returning to levels last seen two years ago. According to Freddie Mac, the average rate for a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage fell to 6.18%, a decline of 32 basis points (bps) from August. The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage saw an even steeper decline, decreasing by 42 bps from August to 5.26%. Additionally, the 10-year Treasury rate declined by 23 bps, falling from 3.98% in August to 3.75%.

According to the NAHB forecast, the 30-year mortgage rate is expected to near 6% on a sustained basis by the end of 2024, with a further decline to just below 6% during 2025. NAHB also predicts furthering easing by the Federal Reserve before the end of 2024.

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Homeownership Rates of Family Households

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The homeownership rate for multigenerational households increased by 4.9 percentage points (pp) over the last decade, but there’s another household type that experienced an even larger increase in the homeownership rate over the same period—single parent households.

In further analysis of the Census’s American Community Survey (ACS) data, NAHB dives deeper into the homeownership rate for other family household types: married couples with no children, married couples with children and single parent households. In 2022, most family households were married with no children (44%), followed by married with children (26%), single parents (12%), others (12%), and multigenerational families (6%). This composition has not changed much, with the exception of a gradual decrease in the share of married with children and single parent households, which is offset by an increase in the share of married with no children households.

The homeownership rate for single parent households saw the largest gains in homeownership rate with an increase of 5.7 percentage points over the decade. However, the overall level of homeownership rate for single parent households remains the lowest among all other family household types at just 41%.    Another group that saw a large increase was the married couple with children households, with a 4.5% increase over the decade from 73% to 78%. Like multigenerational households, these increases were spurred on by historically low mortgage rates in 2021.

The only household type to have plateaued was married without children. As a matter of fact, these households saw decreasing homeownership rates for a few years before creeping back up to be at roughly the same rate as they were ten years ago at 84%. Nonetheless, married without children households remain as the group with the highest homeownership rate with an average rate of 84% over the decade.

We also examined the estimated home price-to-income ratio (HPI) for various household types. To calculate the home prices for recent homebuyers we used the median property value for owners who moved into their property within the past year. Here is where we see the effect of how multigenerational households were able to lower their HPI with pooled income and budgets. In contrast are single parent households with their estimated home prices approaching five times their income, indicating that these households are significantly burdened by housing costs.   

Given that homeownership rates jumped in recent years for most household types despite increases in home prices suggests that the low mortgage rates in 2021 made steep home prices more palatable for homebuyers to enter the market. However, it is unlikely that we’ll see a continued increase in homeownership while mortgage rates remain elevated. 

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Existing Home Sales Slide Despite Lower Mortgage Rates

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Existing home sales fell to a 10-month low in August despite easing mortgage rates and improved inventory, according to the National Association of Realtors (NAR). Home sales remained sluggish as the lock-in effect kept home prices elevated. Meanwhile, the share of first-time buyer in August dropped to a record low. However, we expect increased activity in the coming months as mortgage rates continue to moderate. Improving inventory is likely to ease home price growth and enhance affordability.

Homeowners with lower mortgage rates have opted to stay put, avoiding trading existing mortgages for new ones with higher rates. This trend is driving home prices higher and holding back inventory. With the Federal Reserve beginning its easing cycle at the September meeting, mortgage rates are expected to gradually decrease, leading to increased demand and unlocking lock-in inventory in the coming quarters.

Total existing home sales, including single-family homes, townhomes, condominiums, and co-ops, fell 2.5% to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 3.86 million in August, the lowest level since October 2023. On a year-over-year basis, sales were 4.2% lower than a year ago.

The first-time buyer share dropped to 26% in August, the lowest level since November 2021, down from 29% in both July and August 2023.

The existing home inventory level rose from 1.34 million in July to 1.35 million units in August and is up 22.7% from a year ago. At the current sales rate, August unsold inventory sits at a 4.2-months supply, up from 4.1-months last month and 3.3-months a year ago. This inventory level remains low compared to balanced market conditions (4.5 to 6 months’ supply) and illustrates the long-run need for more home construction. However, the count of single-family resale homes available for sale is up almost 21.4% on a year-over-year basis.

Homes stayed on the market for an average of 26 days in August, up from 24 days in July and 20 days in August 2023.

The August all-cash sales share was 26% of transactions, down from 27% in both July and a year ago. All-cash buyers are less affected by changes in interest rates.

The August median sales price of all existing homes was $416,700, up 3.1% from last year. This marked the 14th consecutive month of year-over-year increases. The median condominium/co-op price in August was up 3.5% from a year ago at $366,500. This rate of price growth will slow as inventory increases. Existing home sales in August were mixed across the four major regions. In the Northeast, South, and West, sales fell by 2.0%, 3.9%, and 2.7%, respectively, while sales in the Midwest remained unchanged. On a year-over-year basis, sales decreased in the Midwest (-5.2%), South (-6.0%) and West (-1.4%). Sales in the Northeast were unchanged from a year ago.

The Pending Home Sales Index (PHSI) is a forward-looking indicator based on signed contracts. The PHSI fell from 74.3 to 70.2 in July due to persistent affordability challenges. On a year-over-year basis, pending sales were 8.5% lower than a year ago per National Association of Realtors data.

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Builder Sentiment Rises as Rates Fall but Affordability Challenges Persist

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With mortgage rates declining by more than one-half of a percentage point from early August through mid-September, per Freddie Mac, builder sentiment edged higher this month even as builders continue to grapple with rising costs.

Builder confidence in the market for newly built single-family homes was 41 in September, up two points from a reading of 39 in August, according to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI). This breaks a string of four consecutive monthly declines.

Due to lower interest rates, builders now have a positive view for future new home sales for the first time since May 2024. However, builders will face competition from rising existing home inventory in many markets as the mortgage rate lock-in effect softens with lower rates.

With inflation moderating, the Federal Reserve is expected to begin a cycle of monetary policy easing this week, which will produce downward pressure on mortgage interest rates and also lower the interest rates on land development and home construction business loans. Lowering the cost of construction is critical to confront persistent challenges for housing affordability.

The latest HMI survey also revealed that the share of builders cutting prices dropped in September for the first time since April, down one point to 32%. Moreover, the average price reduction was 5%, the first time it has been below 6% since July 2022. Meanwhile, the use of sales incentives fell to 61% in September, down from 64% in August.

Derived from a monthly survey that NAHB has been conducting for more than 35 years, the NAHB/Wells Fargo HMI gauges builder perceptions of current single-family home sales and sales expectations for the next six months as “good,” “fair” or “poor.” The survey also asks builders to rate traffic of prospective buyers as “high to very high,” “average” or “low to very low.” Scores for each component are then used to calculate a seasonally adjusted index where any number over 50 indicates that more builders view conditions as good than poor.

All three HMI indices were up in September. The index charting current sales conditions rose one point to 45, the component measuring sales expectations in the next six months increased four points to 53 and the gauge charting traffic of prospective buyers posted a two-point gain to 27.

Looking at the three-month moving averages for regional HMI scores, the Northeast fell three points to 49, the Midwest edged one-point higher to 40, the South decreased one point to 41 and the West increased two points to 39.

The HMI tables can be found at nahb.org/hmi.

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Mortgage Rates Continued to Decline in August

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Mortgage rates continued to decrease in August, landing at an average rate of 6.50%. According to Freddie Mac, the average monthly rate fell by 35 basis points (bps) from July’s rate of 6.85%. The August rate is down 57 bps from one year ago, which stood at 7.07%.

The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage also saw a decrease, dropping by 45 bps from July to 5.68%, and is now lower compared to last August by 75 bps. Additionally, the 10-year Treasury rate declined 30 bps from 4.28% in July to 3.98%.

Per the NAHB forecast, we expect 30-year mortgage rates to decline slightly to around 6.66% at the end of 2024 and eventually to decline to just under 6% by the end of 2025. The NAHB outlook anticipates the federal funds rate to be cut by 25 bps no later than the December Federal Reserve meeting, although it is possible for the Fed to cut rates in the upcoming FOMC meeting in September.

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Refinancing Activity Jumped in August as Mortgage Rates Declined

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The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume by the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) weekly survey, saw a month-over-month increase of 10.7% on a seasonally adjusted (SA) basis. Compared to last August, the index increased by 20.8%. While the Purchase Index declined by 2.9%, month-over-month, the Refinance Index jumped 30.8% as borrowers took advantage of the declining mortgage rates to refinance higher-rate loans. On a yearly basis, the Purchase Index is down by 8.6%, while the Refinance Index increased by 87.2%.

The average monthly 30-year fixed mortgage rate has fallen for four straight months with August seeing the largest decrease of 40 basis points (bps), bringing the rate to 6.49%. The current rate is 73 bps lower than last August.

The average loan size for the total market (including purchases and refinances) is up 3.6% from July to $380,800 on a non-seasonally adjusted (NSA) basis. Similarly, the month-over-month change for purchase loans increased 0.6% to an average size of $426,600, while refinance loans rose by 18.5% to an average of $325,800. The average loan size for an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) also saw a steep increase of 9.5% for the same period, from $1.01 million to $1.1 million.

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