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Single-Family Permits Up in July 2024

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Over the first seven months of 2024, the total number of single-family permits issued year-to-date (YTD) nationwide reached 599,308. On a year-over-year (YoY) basis, this is an increase of 13.7% over the July 2023 level of 527,158.

Year-to-date ending in July, single-family permits were up in all four regions. The range of permit increases spanned 18.2% in the West to 9.8% in the Northeast. The Midwest was up by 14.5% and the South was up by 12.4% in single-family permits during this time. For multifamily permits, three out of the four regions posted declines. The Northeast, driven by New York was the only region to post an increase and was up by 32.0%. Meanwhile, the West posted a decline of 31.2%, the South declined by 22.7%, and the Midwest declined by 9.3%.

Between July 2024 YTD and July 2023 YTD, 47 states and the District of Columbia posted an increase in single-family permits. The range of increases spanned 39.4% in Arizona to 2.1% in Rhode Island. New Hampshire (-0.2%), Hawaii (-2.7%), and Alaska (-10.4%) reported declines in single-family permits. The ten states issuing the highest number of single-family permits combined accounted for 64.0% of the total single-family permits issued. Texas, the state with the highest number of single-family permits, issued 97,551 permits over the first seven months of 2024, which is an increase of 15.6% compared to the same period last year. The succeeding highest state, Florida, was up by 9.5%, while the third highest, North Carolina, posted an increase of 11.8%.

Year-to-date ending in July, the total number of multifamily permits issued nationwide reached 279,618. This is 17.2% below the July 2023 level of 337,730.

Between July 2024 YTD and July 2023 YTD, 18 states recorded growth in multifamily permits, while 32 states and the District of Columbia recorded a decline. New York (+117.4%) led the way with a sharp rise in multifamily permits from 10,110 to 21,981, while the District of Columbia had the biggest decline of 68.7% from 1,969 to 616. The ten states issuing the highest number of multifamily permits combined accounted for 64.7% of the multifamily permits issued. Over the first seven months of 2024, Texas, the state with the highest number of multifamily permits issued, experienced a decline of 30.4%. Following closely, the second-highest state in multifamily permits, Florida, saw a decline of 24.4%. California, the third largest multifamily issuing state, decreased by 27.5%.

At the local level, below are the top ten metro areas that issued the highest number of single-family permits.

For multifamily permits, below are the top ten local areas that issued the highest number of permits.

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Private Residential Construction Spending Inches Down in July

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Private residential construction spending fell 0.4% in July, according to the Census Construction Spending data. Nevertheless, spending remained 7.7% higher compared to a year ago. The monthly decline in total private construction spending for July was largely due to reduced spending on single-family construction. Spending on single-family construction plunged by 1.9% in July, following a dip of 1.1% in June. This marks the fourth consecutive monthly decrease. Elevated mortgage interest rates have cooled the housing market, dampening home builder confidence and new home starts. Despite these challenges, spending on single-family construction was still 4% higher than it was a year earlier.

Multifamily construction spending stayed flat in July after a dip of 0.6% in June. Year-over-year, spending on multifamily construction declined 6.7%, as an elevated level of apartments under construction is being completed. Private residential improvement spending increased 1.2% in July and was 18.3% higher compared to a year ago.

The NAHB construction spending index is shown in the graph below (the base is January 2000). The index illustrates how spending on single-family construction has slowed down the pace since early 2024 under the pressure of elevated interest rates. Multifamily construction spending growth slowed down after the peak in July 2023, while improvement spending increased its pace since late 2023.

Spending on private nonresidential construction was up 4.5% over a year ago. The annual private nonresidential spending increase was mainly due to higher spending for the class of manufacturing ($39.7 billion), followed by the power category ($1 billion).

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Surprise Lift for New Home Sales in July

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Sales of new homes rose unexpectedly in July, following significant revisions in the previous months data.

Sales of newly built, single-family homes in July rose 10.6% to a 739,000 seasonally adjusted annual rate from significant upward revisions in June, according to newly released data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census Bureau. The pace of new home sales in July is up 5.6% from a year earlier. After the notably higher revisions for the May and June data, new home sales from January through July of 2024 are up 2.6% in 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. 

While mortgage rates moved lower in July, the Census estimated gains for new home sales do not match recent industry survey data including the NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index, which showed weakness in the current sales index. The Census estimate of new home sales is often volatile and subject to revisions, and it is possible that the July estimate for sales will be revised lower next month. NAHB is forecasting gradual improvements for the home building sector as the Fed eases monetary policy and mortgage interest rates trend lower.

A new home sale occurs when a sales contract is signed, or a deposit is accepted. The home can be in any stage of construction: not yet started, under construction or completed. In addition to adjusting for seasonal effects, the July reading of 739,000 units is the number of homes that would sell if this pace continued for the next 12 months.

New single-family home inventory in July ticked lower to a level of 462,000, down 1.1% from the previous month. Only 16.7% of inventory available for purchase consists of completed, ready-to-occupy homes (102,000), although this inventory component is up 44% from a year ago.

The total new home inventory level represents a 7.5 months’ supply at the current building pace. While this reduced level of months’ supply is above the commonly used balance measure of 6, the measure of total home inventory is lower. Given a lean level of resale inventory, total home inventory (new and existing) is near 4.5, which remains low.

The median new home price was $429,800, up 3.1% compared to last month, and a 1.4% decrease from this time last year.

Regionally, on a year-to-date basis, new home sales are up 5.4% in the Northeast, 22.1% in the Midwest and 6.1% in the West. New home sales are down 2.4% in the South.

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Existing Home Sales Edge Higher in July

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Existing home sales increased for the first time in five months, according to the National Association of Realtors (NAR), as improving inventory and declining mortgage rates motivated some buyers to act. Despite these changes, sales remained sluggish and low inventory continued to push up median home prices. However, we expect increased activity in the coming months as mortgage rates continue to moderate. Improving inventory is likely to ease home price growth and enhance affordability.

Homeowners with lower mortgage rates have opted to stay put, avoiding trading existing mortgages for new ones with higher rates. This trend is driving home prices higher and holding back inventory. Mortgage rates are expected to continue to decrease gradually, leading to increased demand (and unlocking lock-in inventory) in the coming quarters. However, that decline is dependent on future inflation and job reports, and especially possible easing by the Federal Reserve.

Total existing home sales, including single-family homes, townhomes, condominiums, and co-ops, rose 1.3% to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 3.95 million in July. This marks the first increase after four months of declines. On a year-over-year basis, sales were still 2.5% lower than a year ago.

The first-time buyer share stayed at 29% in July, identical to June but down from 30% in July 2023. The inventory level rose from 1.32 million in June to 1.33 million units in July and is up 19.8% from a year ago.

At the current sales rate, July unsold inventory sits at a 4.0-months supply, down from 4.1-months last month but up from 3.3-months a year ago. This inventory level remains low compared to balanced market conditions (4.5 to 6 months’ supply) and illustrates the long-run need for more home construction. However, the count of single-family resale homes available for sale is up almost 19.1% on a year-over-year basis.

Homes stayed on the market for an average of 24 days in July, up from 22 days in June and 20 days in July 2023.

The July all-cash sales share was 27% of transactions, down from 28% in June but up from 26% a year ago. All-cash buyers are less affected by changes in interest rates.

The July median sales price of all existing homes was $422,600, up 4.2% from last year. This marked the 13th consecutive month of year-over-year increases. The median condominium/co-op price in July was up 2.7% from a year ago at $367,500. This rate of price growth will slow as inventory increases.

Existing home sales in July were mixed across the four major regions. In the Northeast, South, and West, sales increased by 4.3%, 1.1%, and 1.4%, respectively, while sales in the Midwest remained unchanged. On a year-over-year basis, sales rose in the Northeast (2.1%) and West (1.4%) but fell in the Midwest (-5.2%) and South (-3.8%).

The Pending Home Sales Index (PHSI) is a forward-looking indicator based on signed contracts. The PHSI rose from 70.9 to 74.3 in June as inventory improved. On a year-over-year basis, pending sales were 2.6% lower than a year ago per NAR data.

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State Level Employment Situation: July 2024

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Nonfarm payroll employment increased in 28 states in July compared to the previous month, while 22 states saw a decrease. The District of Columbia reported no change. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nationwide total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 114,000 in July, following a gain of 179,000 jobs in June.

On a month-over-month basis, employment data was most favorable in New York, which added 41,400 jobs, followed by Florida (+21,800), and then California (+21,100). A total of 81,700 jobs were lost across the 22 states, with Missouri reporting the steepest job losses at 22,400. In percentage terms, employment increased the highest in Vermont at 0.5%, while Missouri saw the biggest decline at 0.7% between June and July.

Year-over-year ending in July, 2.5 million jobs have been added to the labor market across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The range of job gains spanned from 1,900 jobs in Wyoming to 284,400 jobs in California. In percentage terms, the range of job growth spanned 3.7% in South Carolina to 0.4% in Oregon.

Across the nation, construction sector jobs data[1]—which includes both residential and non-residential construction—showed that 29 states and the District of Columbia reported an increase in July compared to June, while 16 states lost construction sector jobs. The five remaining states reported no change on a month-over-month basis. Florida, with the highest increase, added 6,300 construction jobs, while New York, on the other end of the spectrum, lost 3,800 jobs. Overall, the construction industry added a net 25,000 jobs in July compared to the previous month. In percentage terms, Tennessee reported the highest increase at 3.3% and Arkansas reported the largest decline at 1.2%.

Year-over-year, construction sector jobs in the U.S. increased by 239,000, which is a 3.0% increase compared to the July 2023 level. Florida added 36,700 jobs, which was the largest gain of any state, while New York lost 8,100 construction sector jobs. In percentage terms, Alaska had the highest annual growth rate in the construction sector at 19.9%. Over this period, Maine reported the largest decline of 4.1%.

[1] For this analysis, BLS combined employment totals for mining, logging, and construction are treated as construction employment for the District of Columbia, Delaware, and Hawaii.

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Single-Family Starts Weak in July

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High interest rates for construction and development loans as well as ongoing challenges regarding labor shortages and higher prices for many building materials continued to slow the building market this summer.

Overall housing starts decreased 6.8% in July to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.24 million units, according to a report from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census Bureau. This is the lowest pace since May 2020.

The July reading of 1.24 million starts is the number of housing units builders would begin if development kept this pace for the next 12 months. Within this overall number, single-family starts decreased 14.1% from an upwardly revised June figure to an 851,000 seasonally adjusted annual rate. However, on a year-to-date basis, single-family starts are up 11.4%.

The multifamily sector, which includes apartment buildings and condos, increased 14.5% to an annualized 387,000 pace.

The decline in new home construction mirrors our latest builder surveys (the NAHB/Wells Fargo HMI), which show that buyers remain concerned about challenging affordability conditions and builders are grappling with elevated rates for builder loans, a shortage of workers and lots, and supply chain concerns for some building materials.

Better inflation data points to the Federal Reserve moving to cut interest rates possibly as early as September, and with interest rates expected to moderate in the months ahead, this will help both buyers and builders who are dealing with tight lending conditions.

On a regional and year-to-date basis, combined single-family and multifamily starts are 1.3% lower in the Northeast, 5.1% lower in the Midwest, 5.4% lower in the South and 5.1% lower in the West.

Overall permits decreased 4.0% to a 1.40 million unit annualized rate in July. Single-family permits decreased 0.1% to a 938,000 unit rate. Multifamily permits decreased 11.1% to an annualized 458,000 pace.

Looking at regional data on a year-to-date basis, permits are 1.1% higher in the Northeast, 3.2% higher in the Midwest, 0.3% lower in the South and 4.1% lower in the West.

Single-family homes under construction fell back to a count of 653,000—down 4.1% compared to a year ago. The number of multifamily units under construction fell to an 886,000 count—down 13.2% compared to a year ago. The number of multifamily units under construction is now the lowest since July 2022.

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Small Decrease in Mortgage Activity for July

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The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume by the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) weekly survey, saw a slight month-over-month decline of 0.8% on a seasonally adjusted (SA) basis; compared to July 2023, the index increased by 0.5%. The Purchase Index declined by 4.8%, while the Refinance Index increased by 5.8%, month-over-month. On a yearly basis, the Purchase Index decreased by 13.9%, while the Refinance Index increased by 33.9%.

Meanwhile, the average monthly 30-year fixed mortgage rate continued to decline for three straight months with July seeing the largest decrease of 10 basis points (bps) to land an at 6.88% in July. The current rate is also lower than last July by 6 bps.

The average loan size for the total market (including purchases and refinances) is down by 1.5% from June to $367,900 on a non-seasonally adjusted (NSA) basis in July. Similarly, the month-over-month change for purchase loans decreased 1.6% to an average size of $424,200, while refinance loans increased by 2.5% to an average of $275,325. The average loan size for an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) decreased by 2.5% for the same period, from $1.03 million to $1.01 million.

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Labor Market Continues to Soften in July

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In July, job growth decelerated significantly, and the unemployment rate increased to a nearly three-year high of 4.3%. The July data indicates that the labor market is slowing, which signals monetary policy easing in the months ahead.

Additionally, wage growth slowed for the second month in a row. In July, wages grew at a 3.6% year-over-year (YOY) growth rate, down 1.0 percentage point from a year ago. This marks the lowest YOY wage gain in the past four years.

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 114,000 in July, following a downwardly revised increase of 179,000 jobs in June, as reported in the Employment Situation Summary. The estimates for the previous two months were revised down. The monthly change in total nonfarm payroll employment for May was revised down by 2,000, from +218,000 to +216,000, while the change for June was revised down by 27,000 from +206,000 to +179,000. Combined, the revisions were 29,000 lower than the original estimates.

Despite restrictive monetary policy, nearly 7.8 million jobs have been created since March 2022, when the Fed enacted the first interest rate hike of this cycle. In the first seven months of 2024, 1,419,000 jobs were created. Additionally, monthly employment growth averaged 203,000 per month, compared with the 251,000 monthly average gain for 2023.

In July, the unemployment rate rose for the fourth straight month to 4.3%, the highest rate since October 2021. The number of unemployed persons rose by 352,000, while the number of employed persons was barely changed.

Meanwhile, the labor force participation rate, the proportion of the population either looking for a job or already holding a job, rose 1.0 percentage point to 62.7% for July. Moreover, the labor force participation rate for people aged between 25 and 54 ticked up to 84.0%, the highest level since March 2001. While the overall labor force participation rate is still below its pre-pandemic levels at the beginning of 2020, the rate for people aged between 25 and 54 exceeds the pre-pandemic level of 83.1%.

For industry sectors, health care (+55,000), construction (+25,000), and transportation and warehousing (+14,000) have notable job gains in July, while information employment lost 20,000 jobs.

Employment in the overall construction sector increased by 25,000 in July, after 20,000 gains in June. While residential construction gained 9,100 jobs, non-residential construction employment added 16,200 jobs for the month.

Residential construction employment now stands at 3.4 million in July, broken down as 950,000 builders and 2.4 million residential specialty trade contractors. The 6-month moving average of job gains for residential construction was 6,067 a month. Over the last 12 months, home builders and remodelers added 67,600 jobs on a net basis. Since the low point following the Great Recession, residential construction has gained 1,387,400 positions.

In July, the unemployment rate for construction workers rose to 4.4% on a seasonally adjusted basis. The unemployment rate for construction workers remained at a relatively lower level, after reaching 15.3% in April 2020, due to the housing demand impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Mortgage Rates Continued to Decline in July

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Mortgage rates continued to decrease in July, landing at an average rate of 6.85%. According to Freddie Mac, the average monthly rate fell by 7 basis points (bps) from June’s rate of 6.92%. This current rate is nearly identical to the rate from one year ago, which stood at 6.84%.

The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage also saw a decrease, dropping by 5 bps from June to 6.14%, and is now lower compared to last July by 4 bps. Additionally, the 10-year Treasury rate declined 9 bps from 4.37% in June to 4.28%.

Per the NAHB forecast, we expect 30-year mortgage rates to decline slightly to around 6.66% at the end of 2024 and eventually to decline to just under 6% by the end of 2025. The NAHB outlook anticipates the federal funds rate to be cut by 25 bps no later than the December Federal Reserve meeting and six more rate cuts in 2025 as inflation approaches the Fed’s policy target.

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