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In 2023, nearly 6.45 million homes, around 5% of U.S housing stock, were classified as inadequate according to the American Housing Survey (AHS). Of these, 1.65 million homes were classified as severely inadequate, showing significant concerns over housing quality. While this reveals ongoing issues in nation’s housing conditions, it signals probable market growth for remodeling and home improvements in the year ahead.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) defines physical adequacy based on whether a home meets the basic standard of “a decent home and a suitable living environment”. Homes are severely inadequate if they exhibit major deficiencies, such as exposed wiring, lack of electricity, missing hot or cold running water, or the absence of heating or cooling systems. Additionally, homes with at least five significant structural problems such as water leaks, large open cracks or holes in the floor also belong to this category. Moderately inadequate homes have three or four significant structural issues, or have problems such as incomplete kitchen facilities, lack of vented heating equipment, or prolonged toilet breakdowns.
Housing inadequacy has remained a persistent issue over the past decade, shown in Figure 1. In 2023, around 6.5 million households lived in moderately or severely inadequate housing. While the total number of inadequate homes declined slightly from 6.9 million in 2015 to 6.0 million in 2019, it rebounded to 6.7 million in 2021 and remained elevated in 2023. The majority, around 4.8 million, of inadequate homes were moderately inadequate, while 1.65 million households lived in severely inadequate conditions in 2023.
The share of inadequate homes varies significantly by the age of the home (Figure 2). Older homes have higher rates of inadequacy. Homes built before 1940 have the highest inadequacy rate at 9%, followed by those built between 1940 and 1959 at 7%. While housing units from 1960 to 1979 show a moderate inadequacy rate of 5%, they account for the largest number of inadequate homes, with 1.2 million classified as moderately inadequate and 465,000 as severely inadequate in 2023. In contrast, newer homes (1980-Present) have lower inadequacy rates with the share steadily declining from 4% for homes built between 1980 and 1999 to 3% for those constructed from 2000 to the present.
Geographically, inadequate housing is most concentrated in smaller metro areas. Around 50.4% of moderately inadequate homes (2.4 million units) and 43.6% of severely inadequate homes (720,000 units) are in these areas in 2023. This trend is likely driven by aging housing stock and lower household income compared to major metro areas. However, major metro areas still have a substantial share of inadequate homes, with 29.7% of moderately inadequate (1.4 million) and 38.2% of severely inadequate units (631,000). Non-metro areas have the lowest total numbers, (953,000 moderately inadequate and 720,000 severely inadequate homes), though challenges persist.
In 2023, around 6.45 million households lived in inadequate housing, with more renters (3.5 million) than owners (2.8 million). Housing cost burdens varied greatly among these two groups: Among those households in inadequate homes, 1.9 million owners spent less than 30% of their income on housing, compared to 1.6 million renters. It suggests that many homeowners living in inadequate housing may indeed have the financial capacity to improve their housing conditions if they choose to do so. In contrast, renters in inadequate housing face greater financial constraints, with 1.1 million spending more than 50% of their income on housing, more than double the 480,000 cost-burdened owners. This disparity highlights the challenges renters are facing, including limited affordable housing options and a lack of control over property conditions.
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What if I Only Have a Conventional Window or Traditional French Doors?
The style of existing windows and doors will have an impact on how easy it is to open up the space, Reader says. “Early uPVC versions often had a large amount of plastic frame, which reduces the area of glass and obstructs the view.”
Having said that, all the same tricks for connecting the spaces still stand, it’s just more difficult to create a direct visual link. “Create focal points that draw attention by using the same materials or styles inside and out,” Reader says. “That way, your eye will be drawn to the elements of the [landscape] that best link the two spaces.”
“Carefully consider the layout of the [yard] and the planting,” Fletcher says. “Maybe pick out an interesting tree or sculpture and make the most of it with lighting.”
“Painting the wall around the window white is another good way to minimize any distraction from the view,” Jones says.
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The worst on record rental affordability conditions, depleted “excess” savings of the pandemic era, and high mortgage rates halted the post-pandemic trend of young adults moving out of parental homes. The share of adults ages 25-34 living with parents or parents-in-law hovered just above 19% in 2023, stagnant from 2022, according to NAHB’s analysis of the 2023 American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). While this percentage is the second lowest since 2011, the share remains elevated by historical standards. Regionally, Southern and Northeastern states register some of the highest shares of young adults remaining in parental homes.
Traditionally, young adults ages 25 to 34 make up around half of all first-time homebuyers. Consequently, the number and share of young adults in this age group that choose to stay with their parents, or parents-in-law, has profound implications for household formation, housing demand, and the housing market.
The current share of 19.2% translates into 8.5 million young adults living in homes of their parents or parents-in-law. In contrast, less than 12% of young adults ages 25 to 34, or 4.6 million, lived with parents in 2000. The share peaked in 2017-2018 at 22% when the ACS recorded over 9.7 million adults ages 25 to 34 living with parents.
While the national average share hovers around 19.2%, more than a quarter of young adults ages 25-34 remain in parental homes in California (26.5%), New Jersey (26.3%), and Hawaii (25.2%). Delaware (23.2%), Maryland (22.7%), Florida (22.4%) and New York (21.8%) are next on the list. At the opposite end of the spectrum are states with less than one in ten young adults living with parents. The fast-growing North Dakota records the nation’s lowest share of 5%, while the neighboring South Dakota registers 7%. In the District of Columbia, known for its relatively stable job market, less than 7.5% of young adults live with their parents. The cluster of central US states completes the nation’s list with the lowest percentages of young adults remaining in parental homes – Nebraska (8.4%), Iowa (8.5), and Wyoming (9.6%).
The elevated shares of young adults living with parents in high-cost coastal areas point to prohibitively expensive housing costs as one of the reasons for keeping young adults in parental homes. The statistical analysis confirms that states with higher shares of cost-burdened owners and renters living in unaffordable homes (i.e., paying 30 percent or more of income on housing) register higher shares of young adults living with parents. In particular, renters’ housing cost burdens explain half of the cross-state variation in the shares of young adults living in parental homes.
Multigeneration living, which is more prevalent among ethnic households, can also contribute to the elevated shares of young adults living with parents. This can be particularly relevant in the Southern states with higher shares of Hispanic households. However, the statistical analysis shows that while the correlation is positive, prevalence of Hispanic households does not carry any additional explanatory power once housing cost burdens are accounted for.
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Snow brings a quiet calm, a cozy and wintry feeling. We’ve searched on Houzz to find some of the most inviting homes covered in snow, from a log cabin in California to a minimalist house in Vermont. Whether you’re snowbound at home or dreaming of a wintry landscape, pour a cup of cocoa and let these snowy exteriors take you away.
2. Dark and Dramatic Destination
A small living space and loft sit above a walkout basement entry and garage in this Toronto home by Agostino Terziano Design. The Scandinavian-inspired house creates a dramatic contrast in the snowy landscape with its simple gable roofline and charcoal-colored exterior.
3. Classic Farmhouse With a Twist
This new home in Durham, New Hampshire, blends some of the favorite features of a traditional New England farmhouse with modern details and furnishings to create a warm, inviting and comfortable abode. Exposed beams, cozy rooms and a mix of vintage and new decor round out the space, continuing the mix of old and new inside.
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4. Cozy Historical Cottage
In the downtown district of Park City, Utah, this charming cottage renovated by Wildwood Construction creates an inviting feel with its glowing interiors and tidy entryway. The historical home stands out on even the snowiest days with its emerald green siding and crisp white trim that nods to the past.
5. Sustainable Mountain Retreat
Nestled in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, this cabin by Hyperlocal Workshop is a Certified Passive House. The home is off-grid and powered by solar energy.
7. Rustic Ski House
A mix of stone, board-and-battan siding and exposed rafter tails gives this Maine ski house rustic appeal. Rob Bramhall Architects repeated the use of these materials inside for a cohesive feel.
8. Panoramic Views
Located next to a ski trail, this home by Birdseye Design beautifully fits its Vermont mountainside setting. The floor plan is upside down, which maximizes the views from the great room on the top level. The bedrooms are on the ground level.
9. Steel, Concrete and Cedar Cabin
High-performance glass allowed Ward+Blake Architects to craft a home that allows expansive views of mountains and valleys in Alta, Wyoming, while being energy-efficient. Along with the glass, the exterior’s steel, concrete and weathered cedar create a striking and low-maintenance facade.
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In 2023, the total number of second homes was 5.7 million, accounting for 4% of the total housing stock, according to NAHB estimates of the 2023 American Community Survey. Second homes have been in a steady decline over the past few years, from 7.15 million in 2020, to 6.5 million in 2022, dropping to 5.7 million in 2023.
The distribution of second homes across the U.S. reveals important geographic patterns, particularly when examined at the congressional district level. This analysis focuses on the number and the location of second homes qualified for or defined by the home mortgage interest deduction using the Census Bureau’s 2023 American community Survey (ACS). It does not account for homes held primarily for investment or business purposes.
Half of the nation’s second homes are concentrated in a small number of congressional districts, primarily in these states: Florida, California, New York, Texas, Michigan, North Caroline, Pennsylvania, and Arizona. Florida alone accounted for 15.8% of all second homes, with 16 out of its 28 congressional districts having more than 25,000 second homes each. Florida’s 19th Congressional District had the largest stock of second homes, with 123,853 units. In contrast, Wyoming’s At Large Congressional District had the smallest stock, with 17,623 second homes.
Analysis of congressional district data shows that second homes are not just concentrated in conventional coastal and resort areas. Second homes make up a significant portion of the housing stock in various districts across the country. Michigan’s 1st Congressional District had the highest share of second homes, with 24.5% of its housing stock qualified as second homes. Wisconsin’s 7th Congressional District had 82,755 second homes, almost 20% of its total housing stocks.
While some congressional districts have a higher percentage of second homes, many other congressional districts also show a notable prevalence of second homes. In 2023, 32 congressional districts in 17 states had at least 10% of housing units that were second homes. Of these congressional districts, 8 congressional districts were in Florida, 4 in New York, 3 in California, and 2 in Maine, Michigan, North Carolina, and 1 congressional district each in Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Wisconsin.
NAHB estimates are based on the definition used for home mortgage interest deduction: a second home is a non-rental property that is not classified as taxpayer’s principal residence. Examples could be: (1) a home that used to be a primary residence due to a move or a period of simultaneous ownership of two homes due to a move; (2) a home under construction for which the eventual homeowner acts as the builder and obtains a construction loan (Treasury regulations permit up to 24 months of interest deductibility for such construction loans); or (3) a non-rental seasonal or vacation residence. However, homes under construction are not included in this analysis because the ACS does not collect data on units under construction.
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While the share of new homes with patios continues to climb, the share with decks has hovered at a historic low of under 18%, according to NAHB tabulation of data from the HUD/Census Bureau Survey of Construction (SOC).
Every year from the re-design of the SOC in 2005 through 2018, over 22% of single-family homes started featured decks. After that, however, the share dropped significantly, reaching a low of 17.5% in 2021. Since then, the percentage has remained near that trough, at 17.7% in 2022 and 17.6% in 2023. Moreover, this has been occurring at the same time the share of new homes with patios was climbing to a record high 67.7%. In fact, the tendency of deck and patio percentages to move in opposite directions is evident throughout the 2005-2023 period. The correlation between the percentages over that span is -0.84, suggesting that patios on new homes have been functioning as a substitute for decks. When more new homes have patios, fewer have decks.
New homes with both a deck and patio do occur but are comparatively rare. Among single-family homes started in 2023, fewer than 6% featured both a deck and a patio.
Decks have been more common not only when but where patios are less common. For example, among single-family homes started in 2023, patios were least common (featured ion only 17% of the homes) in the New England Census Division, the same division where a high of 76% of the homes featured decks. At the other extreme, in the West South Central a divisional high 81% of new homes featured patios in 2023, and a divisional low of 3% featured decks. Across all nine divisions in 2023, the correlation between the percentages of new homes with decks and patios was -0.82.
Nevertheless, decks remain relatively popular on new homes in some parts of the country. Following the 76% in New England at a distance, 42% of new homes featured decks in 2023 in both the Middle Atlantic and West North Central divisions.
More detail on new home deck construction is available from the Annual Builder Practices Survey (BPS) conducted by Home Innovation Research Labs.
Nationally, the 2024 BPS report (based on homes built in 2023) shows that the average size of a deck on a new single-family home is 284 square feet. Across Census divisions, the average size ranges from a low of 230 square feet in New England to a high of 382 square feet in the adjacent Middle Atlantic.
On a square foot basis, the BPS shows an evolving geographic split in the material builders use most often in deck construction. In the West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central and West South Central divisions, treated wood remains the top choice. In the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central and Mountain divisions, composite material has moved ahead of treated wood; while in the Pacific Division, concrete edged out composite for the top spot. The Pacific is also the only division where redwood (a species that can be used outdoors without special pressure treatment) is relatively common in new home deck construction.
A previous post covered the characteristics of patios on single-family homes built in 2023.
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New manufactured homes saw a decline in shipments in 2023 compared to the previous year. According to the Manufactured Housing Survey (MHS), 89,169 manufactured homes were shipped in 2023, a decrease of 21% from the 112,882 homes shipped in 2022. The Census defines a manufactured home as a movable dwelling, 8 feet or more wide and 40 feet or more long, designed to be towed on its own chassis, with transportation gear integral to the unit when it leaves the factory, and without need of a permanent foundation. No building permit is required for a manufactured home.
Despite the 2023 decline, the ratio of shipments to new single-family site-built home construction starts remained consistent between 1 to 9 and 1 to 10. In 2023, that number was 1 to 10, meaning that for every new manufactured home shipped, 10 new single-family site-built homes started construction. Of the total 2023 shipments, 35.7% (31,830 homes) were either sold or leased, while 2022 saw 46,696 (49%) being sold or leased.
Regionally, the South continued to receive the majority of shipments at 66%. The Midwest followed with 14%, the West with 11%, and the Northeast with 6%. Texas remained the leading state for shipments, accounting for 15,073 homes, which represents 17% of the total. Altogether, the top ten states comprised over 60% of the shipment share, highlighting a concentrated market presence.
Breaking down the types of manufactured homes shipped, 45% were single-section units. These homes had an average sales price of $84,800 and an average area of 1,038 square feet, translating to a price of $81.70 per square foot. In contrast, 54% of the shipments were multi-section homes, with an average sales price of $154,100 and a larger area of 1,748 square feet, equating to $88.16 per square foot. When compared to new single-family site-built homes started in 2023, which had an average price of $165.94 per square foot (excluding land value), multi-section manufactured homes are approximately 1.9 times less expensive per square foot.
Out of the total homes shipped, 70% (59,950 homes) were placed at their final destinations. Among the placed homes, 21% were titled as real estate property, while the majority, 76%, were classified as personal property. Additionally, only 29% of the placed homes were situated within a manufactured housing community. Census doesn’t have an official definition of a manufactured housing community, but as an example of the industry’s term of art, Law Insider defines it as “any area where two or more manufactured home lots are leased specifically for the use of manufactured homes”.
Looking into other characteristics of placed manufactured homes, over half (57%) had concrete footings. Pressure-treated wood and monolithic-slab foundations comprised 12% each, and basement or crawl space foundations was 4%. For homes not placed on concrete or slab foundations, the most common type of pier is concrete block (77%) while the majority (84%) were secured using anchors and tie-down straps, and 11% utilizing anchors and alternative foundations.
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After: Using a shared Houzz ideabook for style inspiration, Dupes and the homeowners landed on an elevated cottage look with character, which historic homes are known for. Freshness abounds, with an icy blue island, a patterned marble mosaic tile backsplash and cabinetry that mixes maple-stained white oak, painted white wood and glass.
Dupes also preserved and replicated some of the original millwork and added more personality with details such as an ogee edge on the island’s marble-look quartz countertop. The kitchen gained some space as well, after a full bathroom behind the wall on the left became a powder room.
Perimeter cabinetry and pantry paint: Pure White, Sherwin-Williams; island base paint: Mt. Rainier Gray, Benjamin Moore; tile: Eveningstar mosaic (accent), Seaport in Arctic White (field) and Thassos marble pencil liner in white (trim), TileBar
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In 2023, 66% of newly completed single-family homes featured two-car garages, according to NAHB’s analysis of the Census’s Survey of Construction data. This was the most common parking option across all Census divisions.
By Census division, South Atlantic had the highest share of two-car garages at 72%. Three or more car garages were most popular in the West North Central division (38%), while one-car garages were most frequent in the Middle Atlantic division (22%).”Other” parking options, including carports and off-street parking, were most common in the East South Central division (17%).
Nationwide, the share of new homes with three or more car garages was 17% in 2023. Three or more car garages have been trending downward since the peak of 24% in 2015, decreasing 2% from 2022. One-car garages were present in 8% of new homes, another 2% possessed a carport, and 8% did not have any garage or carport.
As home size increased, the share of homes with one-car garages or “other” parking options decreased. For homes under 1,200 square feet, “other” parking options were most common (72%). As home sizes go over 5,000 square feet, this share drops to just 2%. One-car garages were most common in homes between 1,200 and 1,599 square feet (18%), while only 1% of homes over 5,000 square feet had this feature.
Two-car garages were most prevalent in homes between 1,600 and 1,999 square feet (72%), with the largest share at 81% for homes between 2,000 and 2,399 square feet. For homes between 2,400-2,999 square feet, the two-car garage share fell to 77%. Two-car garages were also the most popular options for homes 3,000-4,999 square feet as well with a smaller share at 58%. Three-car garages were rare in smaller homes (3% for those under 1,200 square feet) but became the most common option (65%) for homes over 5,000 square feet.
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The owners of this spectacular house has been visiting this area for decades and wanted to create a place to draw the generations of their family together, so they asked Pearson Design Group to create the home of their dreams.
A clever open-plan layout is key to maximizing the breathtaking lake views. As shown here, the kitchen is open to a living area with an oversized picture window facing directly out across the water. A deep recess around the window creates a generous window seat for lake gazing.
Just visible in this photo is an adjoining dining room that also has floor-to-ceiling windows to allow the views to take center stage.
Large windows also wrap around a corner of the main bedroom, providing beautiful panoramic views for the homeowners to wake up to, while a guesthouse benefits from both a balcony and a roof terrace from which to enjoy spectacular sunset views.
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