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Although rent control policies do, in fact, produce lower rents in the controlled units as intended, these policies also have a number of unintended and undesirable consequences, according to a recently published review of the academic literature. Among the unintended consequences are a reduced supply of housing, higher rents in uncontrolled units, reduced quality in the controlled units, and reduced residential mobility.
The review is titled “Rent Control Effects Through the Lens of Empirical Research: An Almost Complete Review of the Literature,” authored by Konstantin Kholodilin and published in the March 2024 issue of the peer-reviewed Journal of Housing Economics. The review covers 112 empirical rent control studies based on a wide range of data sources and published between 1963 and 2023. The table below summarizes the theoretic rent control effects analyzed in more than six of the studies.
In addition, there were thirteen studies that all find that rent control resulted in misallocations of resources of various types.
Policymakers should be particularly concerned with the findings that rent control results in a reduced supply of housing and higher rents in the uncontrolled units. Builders, of course, are likely to focus on the depressing effect rent control has on new construction, which is consistent with research NAHB undertook jointly with the National Multifamily Housing Council (NMHC) in 2022. In that research, NAHB and NMHC asked multifamily developers if they avoid building in jurisdictions with rent control. Over 85% said yes.
Kholodilin’s review concludes that rent control leads to a wide range of adverse effects, and that policymakers should take these effects into account when trying to design an optimal policy. Readers interested in the full review can obtain it from sciencedirect.com.
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